Oke department of behavioural studies, redeemers university, mowe. Objectives this study examined risk and protective factors associated with very low birth weight vlbw for babies born to women receiving adequate or inadequate prenatal care. Low birth weight lbw is defined by the world health organization as a birth weight of a infant of 2,499 g or less, regardless of gestational age. A baby with low birthweight may have trouble eating, gaining weight and fighting off infections. Even certain conditions in adulthood may be associated with low birth weight, such as coronary disease, cerebral vascular accident, hypertension, type 2 diabetes 9, insulin resistance 10 and depression 11. Factors associated with preterm birth and low birth weight. Infants who weigh less than 2,500 g are considered low birth weight babies and if under 1,500 g are very low birth weight. This study investigates factors predicting occurrence of low birth weight among deliveries at debreberhan. What are the various maternal factors associated with low birth weight. The birth weight of premature babies is usually low.
Influence of maternal and social factors as predictors of. Maternal and environmental factors influencing infant birth weight in ibadan, nigeria uche c. Research article effects of maternal factors on birth weight in japan. To identify the maternal risk factors and their association with low birth weight babies in tertiary care hospitals of lahore. The mortality of low birth weight can be reduced if the maternal risk factors are detected early and managed by simple techniques. The world health organization defines low birth weight lbw as a new born having a weight of less than 2,500 g at birth. Despite efforts to decrease the proportion of newborns with lbw, success has been quite limited. Low birth weight infants are at a greater risk of having a disability and for diseases such as cerebral palsy, visual problems, learning disabilities and respiratory problems. Risk factors associated with low birth weight of neonates among pregnant women attending a referral hospital in northern tanzania j. Louis city and county from 2000 to 2009 were used n 152,590.
Factors associated with low birth weight in a historical. Low birth weight lbw is a major contributor to infant mortality and morbidity. Low birth weight babies are at a greater risk of dying during the first year of life and more likely to. Low birth weight continues to be a main cause of child morbidity and mortality. Low birthweight nutrition policy discussion paper no. Maternal smoking reduces mean birth weight by about 150200 gm and doubles the risk of lbw associated with restriction of intra uterine growth. Low birth weight is the leading cause of infant and child mortality and contributes to several poor health outcomes. A funnel plot and eggers regression test were used to see publication bias. Analysis of low birth weight and its covariants in bangladesh based.
Risk factors for low birth weight in bale zone hospitals. Thus, it may be particularly informative to consider gestational age. This study was done to assess the maternal and sociodemographic factors associated with low birth weight lbw babies. Frequency and risk factors of low birth weight in term pregnancy. More than 20 million infants worldwide, represent ing 15. Low birthweight is defined as less than 2,500 grams up to and including 2,499 grams. The live infants born at 37 to 41 weeks of gestation were enrolled in this study. Low birth weight lbw is a leading risk factor for infant morbidity and mortality in the united states.
Familial aggregation of low birth weight among whites and blacks in the united states. Further studies to ascertain all factors contributing to the. Preterm birth complications are considered the leading cause of death among. Low birth weight has been an enigma for science over time. The problem of low birth weight improving birth outcomes. Providence, rhode island brown university studies consistently show that people born weigh. Though infant mortality continues to decline in the united states, the u. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of low birth weight among mothers who delivered at governmental hospitals.
Risk factors commonly associated with preterm birth include age, education, alcohol and drug use, smoking. The mortality and morbidity of low birth weight can be reduced if the maternal risk factors are detected. Low birth weight data sfu department of statistics and. But being low birthweight can cause serious health problems for some babies. And while the educational completion outcome that conley and bennett. Therefore, it is clear that low birth weight represents a heavy burden for healthcare services worldwide.
To reduce the low birth weight deliveries, we studied the maternal factors which. Socioeconomic factors and low birth weight in mexico bmc. Determinants and prevention of low birth weight institute of health. Maternal factors contributing to low birth weight babies.
Low birth weight can cause complications in adult life, and is therefore a public health concern. Maternal factors contributing to low birth weight deliveries in. Low birth weight is an indicator that predicts the probability of a child surviving. Birth weight is an important determinant of child survival and development. Isiugoabanihe department of sociology, university of ibadan, ibadan. In this study, we determined the maternal factors that contribute to low birth weight lbw deliveries in tshwane district, south africa. Low birthweight a babys low weight at birth is either the result of preterm birth before 37 weeks of gestation or of restricted foetal intrauterine growth. The global incidence of lbw is around 17%, although estimates vary from 19% in the developing countries countries where it is an important public health problem to 57% in the developed countries. Complications of pm include maternal anaemia, low birth weight and preterm delivery, which contribute to maternal and infant morbidity and mortality in coastal papua new guinea png. Maternal risk factors contributing for low birth weight. A low birth weight birth can occur from slow fetal growth over a fullterm pregnancy, being born premature, or both.
Risk factors and pregnancy outcomes associated with. Low birth weight lbw is one of the main predictors of infant mortality. Genetic factors contributing to birth weight l b johnston,ajlclark, m o savage. Low birth weight is a term used to describe babies who are born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces 2,500 grams. Epidemiological studies suggest that genetic factors account for 3080% of birth weight variance the genetic influence on birth size has been recognised for many years, but only recently have some of the specific genes and chromosomal loci involved been identified. Lbw often occurs in babies who are born prematurely, before 37 weeks of gestation. These data are limited to singleton births in order to explore factors other than plurality multiple births which may influence lbw trends.
The factors vary from one area to another, depending upon geographic, socioeconomic and cultural factors. When considering a foetus that is small for its gestational age, it is important to differentiate whether this is due to intrauterine growth restriction iugr, prematurity or other constitutional factors. Background low birth weight lbw is a major public health problem in many developing countries, especially so in india. Some babies with low birthweight are healthy, even though theyre small. Data were from the botswana obstetric record covering the years 1990 to 1995, and were analysed with. Based on world health organization whos definition, low birth weight lbw defines as a child with birth weight lower than 2500 g. Birth weight and growth during the first two years of life. In zimbabwe the prevalence of stunting among children age 059 months has increased over the past decade, from 21% in the 1994 zdhs to 28% in 200506. The influence of maternal factors on birthweight of the. Over half of multiple birth babies have low birthweight compared with only about 6 percent of single birth babies. Moreover a dose response effect has been described with occurrence of low birth weight increasing with the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Low birthweight in newborns symptoms and causes what causes low birthweight. Biological, social, and environmental determinants of low. With many tables and algorithms to summarise key data and management strategies, nutritional strategies for the very low birthweight infant is an invaluable guide for all healthcare professionals caring for premature babies.
Different primary studies in ethiopia showed the burden of low birth weight. Infant mortality, low birthweight and racial disparity. So far, the prevalence and traditional maternal feeding practice correlates of low birth weight have not been explored well in ethiopia. Material and methods the present study was carried out at rural health training centre rhtc, the field practice area of the department of community medicine and the obstetric. For example, nonhispanic black infants have significantly higher rates of low birthweight, preterm birth and infant mortality compared to nonhispanic white and hispanic infants. Each additional baby increases the risk significantly.
Prevalence and factors associated with low birth weight. Low birth weight lbw remains a leading global cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. The birth weights of 1725 singleborn infants have been analysed to determine the effect of maternal age, parity and socioeconomic status on birth weight. Low birthweight is defined as being less than 2500 grams or 5. This study examines the biological, social, and environmental determinants of low birth weight and stunting, using data from the 200506 zimbabwe demographic and health survey zdhs. Racial and ethnic disparities in birth outcomes significant racial and ethnic disparities exist among birth outcomes for pregnant women and infants. To the investigators knowledge in bale zone, no study has yet been done to elucidate the risk factors for low birth weight using case control study design. Babies with low birthweight look much smaller than other babies of normal birthweight. Prediction of low birth weight infants and its risk.
Maternal and environmental factors influencing infant birth. Data were from the botswana obstetric record covering the years 1990 to 1995, and were analysed with both descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis. Birth weight and child growth are important predictors for the future health of a person and at aggregate level, for the public health of a population. Very low and extremely low birthweight infants introduction and definitions.
Proper knowledge of risk factors of low birth weight is important for identifying those mothers at risk and thereby for planning and taking appropriate actions. Risk factors associated with low birth weight article pdf available in journal of nepal health research council 92. Low birth weight health encyclopedia university of. Risk factors associated with very low birth weight in a large. Very preterm, preterm, very low birth weight, and low birth. Abstract fetal weight at birth is a major determinant of survival, physical. Although we do not know all the causes of lbw, maternal and environmental factors appear to be significant risk factors in its occurrence.
The who would like to acknowledge contributions from the following. Low birth weight lbw is a major risk factor for death and disease in the fetus and. Lbw is either caused by preterm birth that is, a low gestational age at birth, commonly defined as younger than 37 weeks of gestation or the infant being small for gestational age that is, a slow prenatal growth rate, or a combination of both in general, risk factors in the mother that may contribute to low birth weight include young ages, multiple pregnancies, previous lbw. In 2008, women ages 20 to 39 years had the lowest rate of term low birth weight infants, while women under 20 years had the highest rate of term low birth weight infants. But a low birthweight baby can also have many serious health. Low birth weight is one of the main risk factors for infant morbidity and mortality. Despite extensive research, the practice of clinical and public health, and policies devoted to reducing the number of lbw infants, the prevalence of lbw has. Objectives to know the factors affecting the birth weight of a newborn and to estimate the prevalence of lbw.
Plasmodium falciparum in pregnancy results in substantial poor health outcomes for both mother and child, particularly in young, primigravid mothers who are at greatest risk of placental malaria pm infection. Low birth weight and its associated factors in ethiopia. Jan 01, 2017 modeling maternal risk factors affecting low birth weight among infants in kenya. The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood. Maternal factors contributing to low birth weight babies in an urban slum community of greater mumbai deepa h velankar abstract research question. However, lowbirthweight newborns represent a heterogeneous group in term of etiology, and low birth weight is often an indicator of earlier, intrauterine factors. This study was aimed to identify the risk factors of low birth weight in bale zone hospitals. Effects of maternal factors on birth weight in japan. This study was aimed to estimate the national prevalence and associated factors of low birth weight in ethiopia. Data were collected on 189 women, 59 of whom had low birth weight babies and of whom had normal birth weight babies. Research article survival rate of extremely low birth. Low birth weight has been linked to exposure during pregnancy to lead, solvents, pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are a group of over 100 contaminants produced by burning fuels like coal.
Infant low birth weight definition and patient education. For preterm birth, the leading causes are genitourinary infection, multiple birth, pregnancyinduced hypertension, and low prepregnancy weight. New research from brown university confirms that low birthweight predicts an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood and reports which intermediating biomarkers appear to be the best predictors. Carrying more than 1 baby twins, triplets, or more. Genetic factors contributing to birth weight adc fetal. Birthweight is one of the key indicators of the health and viability of a newborn infant. Individuallevel data from each ineo network will be used for comparative analysis of neonatal outcomes between networks. New research reveals risk factors linking low birthweight to. Singleton low birthweight, moderately low birthweight, and very low birthweight rates. Risky maternal behaviors do not account for racial disparities in infant mortality rates. We know that preterm birth and low birth weight are among the most frequent causes of infant and neonatal death in the united states, carlo added. Low birth weight lbw in infants has been linked to not only an increased risk of neonatal mortality and morbidity, physical.
The purpose of this study is to provide insight into the determinants of low birth weight lbw in italy. Risk factors associated with low birth weight of neonates. Risk factors of low birth weight and effect of them on growth. The prevalence of low birth weight in the study area is the highest in the country. Survival rates for cesarean delivery were signi cantly higher than those for vaginal delivery at all birth weight levels in extremely low birthweight,g infants.
It is one of the leading causes of infant mortality. Apr 01, 20 the research team sought to determine the impact of birth weight and the infants gestational age at birth on mortality rates. Further evidence for a significant effect of fetal genes on variation in birth. Preterm birth and low birth weight vary by race and ethnicity, with rates typically highest among infants born to nonhispanic black women. We investigated the possible factors related to the birth weight bw using the japanese perinatal database. Prematurity, low birth weight significantly impact mortality. Parents size seems to be less important on the babys birth weight. Subcategories include very low birth weight vlbw, which is less than 1500 g 3 pounds 5 ounces, and extremely low birth weight elbw, which is less than g 2 pounds 3 ounces.
Maternal risk factors associated with low birth weight in indonesia. Determinants of low birth weight in neonates born in three hospitals. A case control study on risk factors associated with low. Siza national institute for medical research, mwanza research centre. When a woman carries more than one baby, her risk of premature delivery skyrockets. The primary cause is premature birth, being born before 37 weeks gestation. Risk factors for low birth weight according to the multiple. The preterm rates are approximately 60 percent for twins, 90 percent for triplets, and about 100 percent for quadruplets and beyond. The study was carried out in a nonteaching hospital in catanzaro italy. Recent trends, risk factors, and disparities in low birth. Low birth weight contributes 60 to 80% of all neonatal deaths 1.
In this study, we determined the maternal factors that contribute to low birth weight lbw deliveries in. Research article effects of maternal factors on birth. Factors affecting birth weight of a newborn a community. Infant low birth weight lbw happens when babies weigh less than 5 pounds and 8 ounces at birth. Determinants of low birth weight among deliveries at a. Jan 01, 2004 low birth weight lbw remains a significant public health problem in many developing countries, and poor nutrition both before and during pregnancy we use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. May 19, 2015 birth weight is one of the most important health indicators of development in every country as one of the main factors for normal growth and development and even survival of newborns and infants. Infant mortality, low birthweight and racial disparity infant mortality refers to the death of a baby before it reaches its first birthday. The international network for evaluating outcomes of very low. Low birth weight policy brief world health organization.
Racial disparities in us maternal and infant mortality. Low birthweight is when a baby is born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces. All lbw and very lbw newborns 200 were included in the study and a random sample of 400 newborns weighing. Prediction of low birth weight infants and its risk factors. Nancy wairimu gathimba 1, anthony wanjoya 1, george kipruto kiplagat 1, levi mbugua 2, koima kibiwott 3. Low birth weight lbw remains a significant public health problem in many developing countries, and poor nutrition both before and during pregnancy we use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. Birthweight is the first weight of the newborn obtained after birth. Neonatal complications are markedly increased in vlbw, and especially elbw, infants. Low birth weight is more common in babies born in the uk to parents of asian, black or mixed heritage, than babies who are born to white european parents kelly et al 2009, nhs digital 2017. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the socioeconomic, biological and behavioural factors influencing low birth weight and prematurity in botswana.
A low birthweight babys head may appear to be bigger than the rest of the body, and he or she often looks thin with little body fat. The report of the international low birth weight lbw symposium and workshop, held at the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh icddr,b. Genetic factors contributing to birth parental genes weight. Low birth weight infants are those born weighing less than 2500 g. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of low birth weight among mothers who delivered at governmental hospitals, northern. There have been many researches on its causes and its effects. Oct, 2015 the prevalence of low birth weight in the study area is the highest in the country. Term low birth weight rates vary by the age of the mother. Maternal risk factors associated with fetal and infant. Data were collected from the delivery certificates during one year. Low birth weight can be quantified over the maternal, nutritional and socioeconomic factors. In fact, there is an exponential relationship between weight deficit, gestational age, and perinatal mortality. The goal of this study was to identify risk factors associated with giving birth to a low birth weight baby weighing less than 2500 grams. Definitions of low birth weight are based on average uk figures for all babies weights at birth nhs digital 2017.
Low birthweight in newborns symptoms and causes boston. To reduce the low birth weight deliveries, we studied the maternal factors which adversely affect the fetus in utero and their impact on fetus. There are multiple factors significantly contributing to low birth weight babies. Low birthweight childrens hospital of philadelphia. Cases with diabetic pregnancy, preeclampsia, an anomalous fetus, and a fetus with chromosomal abnormalities were excluded. An unmatched case control study was done involving 159 cases mothers having lbw singleton babies and 159 controls mothers having normal birth weight singleton babies. Both nutrient balance and growth and the impact on neurodevelopment and health outcomes are evaluated. Physically demanding work during pregnancy also contributes to poor foetal growth. Modeling maternal risk factors affecting low birth weight. Nutritional strategies for the very low birthweight infant by. Low birth weight is one of the major determinants of perinatal survival, infant morbidity and mortality as well as the risk of developmental disabilities and illnesses in future lives. A low birthweight baby may be healthy even though he or she is small.
We will focus on what be believe to be the most important causes. Low birth weight is defined by the world health organization as a birth weight less than 2,500 grammes g. For live births, birthweight should preferably be measured within the first hour of life, before significant postnatal weight loss has occurred. There are large disparities in the prevalence of lbw by race and ethnicity, especially between african american and white women. Top 10 causes of low birth weight babies howstuffworks.
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